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Build a Basic UI
This lesson gets you familiar with Xcode, the tool you use to write apps. You’ll become familiar with the structure of a project in Xcode and learn how to navigate between and use basic project components. In the lesson, you’ll start making a simple user interface (UI) for the FoodTracker app and view it in the simulator. When you’re finished, your app will have a label for the meal’s name, a text field to change the meal’s name, and a button for resetting the name.
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you’ll be able to:
Create a New Project
Xcode includes several built-in app templates for developing common types of iOS apps, such as games, apps with tab-based navigation, and table view-based apps. Most of these templates have preconfigured interface and source code files. For this lesson, you’ll start with the most basic template: Single View Application.
To create a new project
The workspace window may have an error icon with a message that says “Signing for FoodTracker requires a development team.” This warning means you haven’t set up Xcode for iOS development yet, but don’t worry, you can complete these lessons without doing that. You do not need a development team to run the app in the simulator.
Explore Further
Before you can run the app on an iOS device, you need to set a valid team so that the app can be signed. If you are an individual or part of an organization that is a member of the Apple Developer Program, you can select that team here. Otherwise, your Apple ID is assigned to a personal team that you can use to launch apps on devices. However, you will need to join the Apple Developer Program before you can submit your app to the App store.
For more information, select Help > Xcode Help and search for “Signing workflow.” Free neural network software for mac.
Get Familiar with Xcode
Xcode includes everything you need to create an app. It organizes all the files and resources that go into creating an app. It provides editors for both your code and your user interfaces. Also, Xcode lets you build, run, and debug your app—providing simulators for iOS devices and a powerful integrated debugger.
Take a few moments to familiarize yourself with the main sections of the Xcode workspace:
Don’t be overwhelmed by all of the pieces; each area is described in more detail when you need to use it.
Run iOS Simulator
Because you based your project on an Xcode template, the basic app environment is automatically set up for you. Even though you haven’t written any code, you can build and run the Single View Application template without any additional configuration.
To build and run your app, use the iOS Simulator app that’s included in Xcode. The simulator gives you an idea of how your app would look and behave if it were running on a device.
The simulator can model a number of different types of hardware—All the screen sizes and resolutions for both iPad and iPhone—so you can simulate your app on every device you’re developing for. In this lesson, use the iPhone 7 option.
To run your app in the simulator
After Xcode finishes building your project, the simulator starts automatically. It may take a few moments to start up the first time.
The simulator opens in the iPhone mode you specified and then launches your app. Initially, the simulator displays your app’s launch screen, and then it transitions to your app’s main interface. In an unmodified Single View Application template, the launch screen and the main interface are identical.
Right now, the Single View Application template doesn’t do much—it just displays a white screen. Other templates have more complex behavior. It’s important to understand a template’s uses before you extend it to make your own app. Running your app in the simulator with no modifications is a good way to start developing that understanding.
Quit the simulator by choosing Simulator > Quit Simulator (or pressing Command-Q).
Review the Source Code
The Single View Application template comes with a few source code files that set up the app environment. First, take a look at the
AppDelegate.swift file.
To look at the AppDelegate.swift source file
The App Delegate Source File
The
AppDelegate.swift source file has two primary functions:
The
AppDelegate class is automatically created whenever you create a new project. Unless you are doing something highly unusual, you should use this class provided by Xcode to initialize your app and respond to app-level events. The AppDelegate class adopts the UIApplicationDelegate protocol. This protocol defines a number of methods you use to set up your app, to respond to the app’s state changes, and to handle other app-level events.
The
AppDelegate class contains a single property: window .
This property stores a reference to the app’s window. This window represents the root of your app’s view hierarchy. It is where all of your app content is drawn. Note that the window property is an optional, which means it may have no value (be nil) at some point.
The
AppDelegate class also contains stub implementations of the following delegate methods:
These methods let the application object communicate with the app delegate. During an app state transition—for example, app launch, transitioning to the background, and app termination—the application object calls the corresponding delegate method, giving your app an opportunity to respond. You don’t need to do anything special to make sure these methods get called at the correct time—the application object handles that job for you.
Each of the delegate methods has a default behavior. If you leave the template implementation empty or delete it from your
AppDelegate class, you get the default behavior whenever that method is called. Alternatively, you can add your own code to the stub methods, defining custom behaviors that are executed when the methods are called.
The template also provides comments for each of the stub methods. These comments describe how these methods can be used by your app. You can use the stub methods and comments as a blueprint for designing many common app-level behaviors.
In this lesson, you won’t be using any custom app delegate code, so you don’t have to make any changes to the
AppDelegate.swift file.
The View Controller Source File
The Single View Application template has another source code file:
ViewController.swift . Select ViewController.swift in the project navigator to view it.
This file defines a custom subclass of
UIViewController named ViewController . Right now, this class simply inherits all the behavior defined by UIViewController . To override or extend that behavior, you override the methods defined on UIViewController .
As you can see in the
ViewController.swift file, the template’s implementation overrides both the viewDidLoad() and didReceiveMemoryWarning() methods; however, the template’s stub implementation doesn’t do anything yet, except call the UIViewController version of these methods. You can add your own code to customize the view controller’s response to these events.
Although the template comes with the
didReceiveMemoryWarning() method, you won’t need to implement it in these lessons, so go ahead and delete it.
At this point, your
ViewController.swift code should look something like this:
You’ll start writing code in this source code file later in this lesson.
Open Your Storyboard
You’re ready to start working on a storyboard for your app. A storyboard is a visual representation of the app’s user interface, showing screens of content and the transitions between them. You use storyboards to lay out the flow—or story—that drives your app. You see exactly what you're building while you’re building it, get immediate feedback about what’s working and what’s not, and make instantly visible changes to your user interface.
To open your storyboard
At this point, the storyboard in your app contains one scene, which represents a screen of content in your app. The arrow that points to the left side of the scene on the canvas is the storyboard entry point, which means that this scene is loaded first when the app starts. This scene contains a single view that’s managed by a view controller. You’ll learn more about the roles of views and view controllers soon.
When you ran your app in the iPhone 7 Simulator app, the view in this scene is what you saw on the device screen. However, the scene on the canvas may not have the same dimensions as the simulator’s screen. You can select the screen size and orientation at the bottom of the canvas. In this case, it’s set to iPhone 7 in a portrait orientation, so the canvas and the simulator are the same.
Even though the canvas shows a specific device and orientation, it is important to create an adaptive interface—an interface that automatically adjusts so that it looks good on any device and in any orientation. As you develop your interface, you can change the canvas’s view, letting you see how your interface adapts to different size screens.
Build the Basic UI
It’s time to build a basic interface. You’ll start by working on a user interface for the scene that lets you add a new meal to your meal tracking app, FoodTracker.
Xcode provides a library of objects that you can add to a storyboard file. Some of these are elements that appear in the user interface, such as buttons and text fields. Others, such as view controllers and gesture recognizers, define the behavior of your app but don’t appear onscreen.
The elements that appear in the user interface are known as views. Views display content to the user. They are the building blocks for constructing your user interface and presenting your content in a clear, elegant, and useful way. Views have a variety of useful built-in behaviors, including displaying themselves onscreen and reacting to user input.
All view objects in iOS are of type
UIView or one of its subclasses. Many UIView subclasses are highly specialized in appearance and behavior. Start by adding a text field (UITextField ), one such subclass of UIView , to your scene. A text field lets a user type in a single line of text, which you’ll use as the name of a meal.
To add a text field to your scene
Although you have the text field in your scene, there’s no instruction to the user about what to enter in the field. Use the text field’s placeholder text to prompt the user to enter the name of a new meal.
To configure the text field’s placeholder text
While you’re editing the text field’s attributes, you can also edit the attributes of the system keyboard that’s displayed when a user selects the text field.
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To configure the text field’s keyboard
Next, add a label (
UILabel ) at the top of the scene. A label isn’t interactive; it just displays static text in the user interface. To help you understand how to define interaction between elements in the user interface, you’ll configure this label to display the text the user enters into the text field. It’ll be a good way to test that the text field is taking the user input and processing it appropriately.
To add a label to your scene
Now, add a button (
UIButton ) to the scene. A button is interactive, so users can tap it to trigger an action that you define. Later, you’ll create an action to reset the label text to a default value.
To add a button to your scene
It’s good to understand how the elements you’ve added are actually arranged in the scene. Look at the outline view to see which user interface elements have been added to your scene.
To view the outline view
The outline view, which appears on the left side of the canvas, provides a hierarchical representation of the objects in your storyboard. You should be able to see the text field, label, and button you just added listed in the hierarchy. But why are the user interface elements you added nested under View?
Views not only display themselves onscreen and react to user input, they can serve as containers for other views. Views are arranged in a hierarchical structure called the view hierarchy. The view hierarchy defines the layout of views relative to other views. Within that hierarchy, views enclosed within a view are called subviews, and the parent view that encloses a view is called its superview. A view can have multiple subviews and only one superview.
In general, each scene has its own view hierarchy. At the top of each view hierarchy is a content view. In the current scene, the content view is named View, the top level view inside the View Controller. The text field, label, and button are subviews of the content view. All other views that you place in this scene will be subviews of this content view (although they themselves can have nested subviews).
Preview Your Interface
Preview your app periodically to check that everything is looking the way you expect. You can preview your app interface using the assistant editor, which displays a secondary editor side-by-side with your main one.
To preview your interface
To create an adaptive interface, you’ll need to specify how the interface should adjust to different screen sizes. For example, when the interface is rotated into a landscape orientation, the text field should grow. When the interface is displayed on an iPhone SE, the text field should shrink. You can specify these kinds of interface rules easily using Auto Layout.
Adopt Auto Layout
Auto Layout is a powerful layout engine that helps you design adaptive layouts that dynamically respond to any changes to the scene’s size. You describe your layout using constraints—rules that explain where one element should be located relative to another, or what size the element should be. Auto Layout dynamically calculates the size and position of each element based on these constraints.
One of the easiest ways to define your layout is using a stack view (
UIStackView ). A stack view provides a streamlined interface for laying out a collection of views in either a column or a row. The stack view uses Auto Layout under the hood to calculate the size and position of all the views that it manages. This lets you easily access the full power of Auto Layout, while greatly reducing the complexity of your layout.
To adopt Auto Layout, wrap your existing interface elements in a stack view, and then add the constraints needed to position the stack view in the scene.
To add Auto Layout constraints to the meal scene
The label, text field, and button are now left aligned and laid out with appropriate spacing, but the text field still isn’t stretching to fill the screen’s width. To fix that, you’ll need to add an additional constraint.
To adjust the text field width within the stack
Checkpoint: Run your app in iOS Simulator. Rotate the simulator by choosing Hardware > Rotate Left and Hardware > Rotate Right (or Command-Left Arrow and Command-Right Arrow). Notice how the text field grows and shrinks to the appropriate size depending on the device’s orientation and screen size. Also notice that the status bar disappears in landscape orientation.
Click inside the text field and enter text using the onscreen keyboard (if you’d like, you can use your computer’s keyboard by choosing Hardware > Keyboard > Connect Hardware Keyboard).
Debugging Auto layout
If you don’t get the behavior you expect, use the Auto Layout debugging features to help you. These features can be accessed using the Update Frames button and Resolve Auto Layout Issues menu.
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If you are getting warnings about misplaced views, use the Update Frames button. This button updates the frames of the selected view and all of its subviews. Select the scene’s view controller to update all the views in the scene. You can also Option-click the Update Frames button to update only the selected view.
If the layout does not behave as you expect, click the Resolve Auto Layout Issues button to bring up a menu of debug commands. All the commands in this menu have two forms. One affects the currently selected view. The other affects all views in the current view controller. If all of the commands are grayed out, select the scene’s view controller or one of the views and open the menu again.
Choose Reset to Suggested Constraints to have Xcode update your interface with a valid set of constraints. Choose Clear Constraints to remove all constraints on the user interface elements, and then try following the previous instructions to set up the constraints again.
Wrapping Up
In this lesson, you’ve familiarized yourself with the contents of an Xcode project, and with many of the tools used to design and run an iOS app. You’ve also built a simple user interface.
Although the project’s scene doesn’t do much yet, the basic user interface is there and functional. Making sure your layout is robust and extensible from the start ensures that you have a solid foundation to build upon.
Note
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To see the completed sample project for this lesson, download the file and view it in Xcode.
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